PenguinScience | Project People

David G. Ainley - H.T. Harvey and Associates
Grant Ballard - PRBO Conservation Science
Katie M. Dugger - Oregon State University
Phil Lyver - Landcare Research Ltd., New Zealand


David G. Ainley

H.T. Harvey & Associates, 3150 Almaden Expressway, Suite 145, San Jose CA 95118; work phone 408 448-9450 x 202, FAX 448-9454, home phone 415 332-5718; e-mail: dainley -at- penguinscience -dot- com

PROFESSIONAL PREPARATION

BS, Dickinson College, Magna cum Laude with Honors in Biology. 1968. Recipient of Undergraduate Prize (1967) and Spencer F. Baird Prize (1968) in Biology. Elected: Phi Beta Kappa.

PhD, Johns Hopkins University, Animal Behavior/Ecology.1971. Dissertation: Communication and reproductive cycles in Adélie Penguins.

APPOINTMENTS

July 1995 to present. Senior Ecological Associate. H.T. Harvey & Associates, San Jose, CA

1996 to present. Adjunct Professor. Moss Landing Marine Laboratories.
Jan 1977 to 1995. Program Director - Marine Studies. Point Reyes Bird Observatory, Stinson Beach , CA
Jan 1971-Dec 1976. Farallon Biologist. PRBO, Stinson Beach , CA.
June-Aug 1969. Research assistant, Clarence Rhode National Wildlife Range, Bethel, AK.
June-Aug 1968. Research assistant, Chesapeake Bay Center for Environmental Studies, MD.
June-Aug 1967. Undergraduate research assistant (NSF). Bowdoin College Research Station , Kent Island , Bay of Fundy .

RELEVANT PUBLICATIONS (5)

Ainley, D.G. 2002. Adélie Penguin: Bellwether of Climate Change. Columbia Univ. Press, NY.
Ainley, D.G., R.E. LeResche & W.J.L. Sladen. 1983. Breeding Ecology of the Adélie Penguin. University of Calif. Press, Los Angeles . 240 pp.
Ainley, D.G., N. Nur & E.J. Woehler. 1995. Factors affecting the size and distribution of pygoscelid penguin colonies in the Antarctic. Auk 112: 171-182.
Ainley, D.G., E.F. O'Connor & R.J. Boekelheide. 1984. The marine ecology of birds in the Ross Sea , Antarctica . Amer. Ornithol. Union , Monogr. No. 32. 97 pp.
W.R. Fraser, W.Z. Trivelpiece, D.G. Ainley & S.G. Trivelpiece. 1992. Increases in Antarctic penguin populations: reduced competition with whales or a loss of sea ice due to environmental warming? Polar Biol. 11:525-531.

OTHER PUBLICATIONS (5)

Ainley, D.G. , C.A. Ribic & W. R. Fraser. 1993. Ecological structure among migrant and resident seabirds of the Scotia-Weddell Confluence region. J. Anim. Ecol. 63: 347-364.
Ainley, D.G., W.R. Fraser, W.O. Smith, T.L. Hopkins & J.J. Torres. 1991. The structure of upper level pelagic food webs in the Antarctic: effect of phytoplankton distribution. J. Mar. Syst. 2:111-122.
Ainley, D.G. , C.A. Ribic & W.R. Fraser. 1992. Does prey preference affect habitat choice in Antarctic seabirds? Mar. Ecol. Progr. Ser. 90:207-221.
Oedekoven, C.S., D.G. Ainley & L.B. Spear. 2001. Variable responses of seabirds to change in marine climate: California Current, 1985-1994. Mar. Ecol. Progr. Ser. 213: 265-281.
Testa, J.W., G. Oehlert, D.G. Ainley, J.L. Bengtson, D.B. Siniff, R.M. Laws & D. Rounsevell. 1991. Temporal variability in Antarctic marine ecosystems: periodic fluctuations in the phocid seals. Canad. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 48:631-639.

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Grant Ballard

PRBO Conservation Science, 3820 Cypress Drive #11, Petaluma, CA 94954
email: gballard -at- prbo -dot- org

EDUCATION

BA, Cornell University , Ithaca NY . 1989.
Intern, Point Reyes Bird Observatory (PRBO) terrestrial program, May-Aug 1991.
Intern, PRBO marine ( Farallon Islands ) program, Oct-Dec 1991.
Research assistant, Alaska Bird Observatory, Fairbanks , AK . Aug - Oct 1991.
Intern, PRBO population ecology program Jan 1991 - May 1992.

APPOINTMENTS

Jan 2002 - co-founder and board member, Oikonos, ecosystem knowledge.
1994 - present. Senior Biologist, Data Manager, and analyst, PRBO Conservation Science (Point Reyes Bird Observatory).
1996 - 2002. Senior Biologist, H.T. Harvey and Associates (Adélie Penguin Project), San Jose, CA and Antarctica
1996 - 2001. Co-leader, Wildlife Processing Group, under contract with CA Dept. of Fish and Game Oil Spill Prevention and Response team.
1992 - 1997. Field Supervisor, Upper Sacramento River project, PRBO.

CURRENT PROJECTS

2002-2005: (co-PI) Songbird population responses to riparian management and restoration at multiple scales: comparative analysis, predictive modeling, and the evaluation of monitoring programs - funded by the Calfed Bay-delta program.

2002-2005: (co-PI) Geographic structure of Adélie Penguin populations: demography of population expansion - funded by National Science Foundation. more info

Apr 2001 - present: Adaptive Conservation for Birds in California and the West - funded by the Packard foundation. more info

1996-2001: Factors regulating population size and colony distribution of Adélie Penguins in the Ross Sea - funded by the National Science Foundation. more info

1996 - present: (co-PI) Eastern Sierra Riparian Songbird Conservation Project - funded by the National Fish and Wildlife Foundation, the USDA Forest Service, US Bureau of Land Management and others. more info

PEER-REVIEWED PUBLICATIONS

Ainley, D. G., P. R. Wilson, K. R. Barton, G. Ballard, N. Nur & B. J. Karl. 1998. Diet and foraging effort of Adélie penguins in relation to pack-ice conditions in the southern Ross Sea. Polar Biology 20:311-319.

Ainley, D. G., G. Ballard, K. J. Barton, B. J. Karl, G. H. Rau, C. A. Ribic & P. R. Wilson. 2003. Spatial and temporal variation of diet within a presumed metapopulation of Adélie penguins. Condor 105:95-106.

Ainley, D. G., G. Ballard, S. D. Emslie, W. R. Fraser, P. R. Wilson, & E. J. Woehler. 2003. Adélie Penguins and Environmental Change. Science (letter) 300:429.

Ainley, D. G., C. A. Ribic, G. Ballard, S. Heath, I. Gaffney, B. J. Karl, K. R. Barton, P. R. Wilson, & S. Webb. 2004. Geographic structure of Adélie penguin populations: size, overlap and use of adjacent colony-specific foraging areas. Ecological Monographs: 74:159-178.

Ballard, G. & G. R. Geupel. 1993. Winter Bird Population Study: Disturbed Coastal Scrub B. Journal of Field Ornithology 64, Supplement:24-25.

Ballard, G., D. G. Ainley, C. A. Ribic & K. R. Barton. 2001. Effect of instrument attachment and other factors on foraging trip duration and nesting success of Adélie Penguins. Condor 103:481-490.

Ballard, G., G. R. Geupel, N. Nur, & T. Gardali. 2003. Long-term declines and decadal patterns in population trends of songbirds in western North America. Condor 105:737-755.

Ballard, G., G. R. Geupel, & N. Nur. In press. The influence of mist-netting intensity on investigations of avian populations. In Ralph, C. J., and E. H. Dunn (editors). The use of mist nets in population monitoring. Studies in Avian Biology.

Gardali, T. & G. Ballard. 2000. Warbling Vireo (Vireo gilvus), In The Birds of North America (A. Poole & F. Gill, eds.), No. 551. The Birds of North America, Inc. Philadelphia, PA.

Gardali, T., G. Ballard, N. Nur & G. R. Geupel. 2000. Demography of a declining population of Warbling Vireos in Coastal California. Condor 102:601-609.

Geupel, G. R. & G. Ballard. 2002. Wrentit (Chamaea fasciata), In The Birds of North America (A. Poole & F. Gill, eds.), No. 654. The Birds of North America, Inc. Philadelphia, PA.

Heath, S. K. and G. Ballard. 2003. Bird species composition, phenology, nesting substrate, and productivity for the Owens Valley alluvial fan, Eastern Sierra Nevada, California 1998-2002. Great Basin Birds 6:18-35.

Heath, S. K. and G. Ballard. 2003. Patterns of breeding songbird diversity and occurrence in riparian habitats of the Eastern Sierra Nevada. In Faber, P.M. (ed.), California Riparian Systems: Processes and Floodplain Management, Ecology, and Restoration. 2001 Riparian Habitat and Floodplains Conference Proceedings, Riparain Habitat Joint Venture, Sacramento, CA.

Nur, N., G. R. Geupel & G. Ballard. 2000. The use of constant-effort mist-netting to monitor demographic processes in passerines: Annual variation in survival, productivity, and floaters. In Strategies for Bird conservation: The Partners in Flight Planning Process; Proceedings of 3rd Partners in Flight Workshop; 1995 October 1-5; Cape May, NJ; (R. Bonney, D. N. Pashley, R. J. Cooper, and L. Niles, eds.). Proceedings RMRS-P-16.Ogden, UT: USDA Forest Service Rocky Mtn. Research Station, pp. 185-194.

Nur, N., G. R. Geupel & G. Ballard. In press. Estimates of adult survival, capture probability and recapture probability: evaluating and validating constant effort mist netting. In Ralph, C. J., and E. H. Dunn (editors). The use of mist nets in population monitoring. Studies in Avian Biology.

Thomas, L., G. R. Geupel, N. Nur, & G. Ballard. In press. Optimizing the allocation of count days in a migration monitoring program. In Ralph, C. J., and E. H. Dunn (editors). The use of mist nets in population monitoring. Studies in Avian Biology.

Wilson P. R, D. G. Ainley, N. Nur, S. S. Jacobs, K. R. Barton, G. Ballard & J. C. Comiso. 2001. Adélie Penguin Population Change in the Pacific Sector of Antarctica: Relation to Sea-Ice Extent and the Antarctic Circumpolar Current. Mar. Ecol. Progr. Ser. 213: 301-309.

OTHER PUBLICATIONS AND WEBSITES

Ballard, G. 2003. Tools for songbird monitoring. PRBO's terrestrial program protocols, data structures, field data forms, and computer programs for data management and analysis: www.prbo.org/tools/, PRBO Conservation Science, Petaluma, CA.

Ballard, G., G. R. Geupel, D. Barton, and D. Moody. 2003. California Partners In Flight study areas database: an interactive geographic interface to California's landbird monitoring data: cain.nbii.gov/prbo/calpifmap/livemaps/, PRBO Conservation Science, Petaluma, CA.

Beigel, M., S. Marcus, and G. Ballard. 2004. Exception management for RFID systems. Smart Labels Analyst 36:1-8.

SYNERGISTIC ACTIVITIES

Webmaster and editor PRBO.org 1996-2000
Co-leader and Instructor, PRBO biannual professional training seminars "Standardized Methods for Monitoring Landbird Populations" since 1995.
Co-author and editor, the California Partners In Flight Bird Conservation Plans
Member, California Riparian Habitat Joint Venture technical committee.
Certified Banding trainer, North American Banding Council
Editor, California Partners In Flight newsletter - Flight Log, 1995-1999.

SKILLS

Field-biologist: continuous field seasons in California, Alaska, the Farallon Islands, and Antarctica since 1991.

Network administration: Ethernet LAN (TCP/IP WinNT/98/2000, Mac and Linux) since 1996.

Database administration - dBase, Foxpro, MySQL and Access since 1982.

Programming languages: Basic, Visual Basic, Foxcode, Php, and Pascal since 1982.

Statistical Packages: STATA since 1992.

Geographic Information Systems: ArcView since 1996

Small boat handling: hundreds of hours

SCUBA: certified since 1979

Technical climbing/mountaineering: favorite hobby

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Katie M. Dugger

Assistant Research Professor, Department of Fisheries and Wildlife
Oregon State University
104 Nash Hall, Corvallis, OR 97331-3803
Tel: 541-737-2473 Fax: 541-737-3590 e-mail: katie -dot- dugger -at- oregonstate -dot- edu

EDUCATION

Undergraduate: B.S. Fisheries & Wildlife, Univ. of California, Davis - 1986.
Graduate: M.S. Wildlife Ecology, University of Missouri, Columbia - 1991.
Thesis: Population dynamics and reproductive success of Wood Ducks in Mingo Swamp.
Ph.D. Wildlife Ecology, University of Missouri, Columbia - 1997. Dissertation: Foraging ecology and reproductive success of the interior Least Tern.

GENERAL RESEARCH INTERESTS

Avian population ecology, particularly the estimation and modeling of survival rates and reproductive success as key elements in the conservation and management of species and their ecosystems. Also, the investigation of specific biotic and abiotic factors related to survival, reproduction and foraging ecology, with emphasis on the effects of climate and habitat characteristics.

CURRENT PROJECTS

2005-present (co-PI). Geographic structure of Adélie penguin populations: demography of population change. Funded by National Science Foundation.

2005-present (PI). Relationship between Least Tern and Piping Plover productivity and climateand river flow regimes on the Missouri River. Funded by South Dakota Game, Fish & Parks.

1993-present (co-PI). Long-term demographic study of Puerto Rican forest birds. Funded by USDA Forest Service, International Institute for Tropical Forestry, USFWS & others.

PUBLICATIONS

Ainley, DG, KM Dugger, V Toniolo, and I Gaffney. 2006. Cetacean occurrence patterns in the Amundsen and southern Bellingshausen Seas sector, Southern Ocean. Marine Mammal Science 00:000-000.

Hagar, JC, KM Dugger, and EE Starkey. In Press. Diet of Wilson's warblers and distribution of arthropod prey in the understory of Douglas-fir forests. Wilson Bulletin 00:00-00.

Ainley, DG, G Ballard, and KM Dugger. 2006. Competition among penguins and cetaceans reveals trophic cascades in the Western Ross Sea, Antarctica. Ecology 87:2080-2093.

Anthony, RG, ED Forsman, AB Franklin, DR Anderson, KP Burnham, GC White, CJ Schwarz, JD Nichols, JE Hines, GS Olson, SH Ackers, S Andrews, BL Biswell, PC Carlson, LV Diller, KM Dugger, KE Fehring, TL Fleming, RP Gerhardt, SA Gremel, RJ Gutiérrez, PJ Happe, DR Herter, JM Higley, RB Horn, LL Irwin, PJ Loschl, JA Reid, SS Sovern. 2006. Status and trends in demography of Northern Spotted Owls, 1985-2003. Wildlife Monographs 163:1-47.

Dugger, KM, G Ballard, DG Ainley, and K Barton. 2006. Effects of flipper-bands on apparent survival and foraging behavior of Adélie penguins. The Auk 123:00-00.

Sheffield, LM, AE Gall, DD Roby, DB Irons, and KM Dugger. 2006. Monitoring planktivorious seabird populations: validating surface counts of crevice-nesting Auklets using mark-resighting. Canadian Journal of Zoology 84:846-854.

Ainley, DG, G Ballard, BJ Karl, and KM Dugger. 2005. Leopard seal predation rates at penguin colonies of different size. Antarctic Science 17:335-340.

Dugger, KM, FF Wagner, RG Anthony, GS Olson. 2005. The relationship between habitat characteristics and demographic performance of Northern Spotted Owls in southern Oregon. Condor 107:865-880.

Olson, GS, RG Anthony, ED Forsman, SH Ackers, PJ Loschl, JA Reid, KM Dugger, EM Glenn, and WJ Ripple. 2005. Modeling of site occupancy dynamics of northern spotted owls in Oregon, including the effects of barred owl encroachment. Journal of Wildlife Management 69:918-932.

Dugger, KM, J Faaborg, WJ Arendt, and KA Hobson. 2004. Understanding survival and abundance of overwintering warblers: does rainfall matter? Condor 106:744-760.

Faaborg, J, WJ Arendt, and KM Dugger. 2004. Bird population studies in Puerto Rico using mist nets: general patterns and comparisons with point counts. Studies in Avian Biology 29:144-150.

McCreedy, CD, KA Reynolds, CM Basile, MC Nicholson, KM Dugger, ME Gross, GM Mohr, Jr. 2004. Terrestrial animal species in the Hoosier-Shawnee ecological assessment area. Gen. Tech. Rep. NC-244. St. Paul, MN: U.S. Department. of Agriculture, Forest Service, North Central Research Station. 267 pp.

Dugger, BD, and KM Dugger. 2003. Long-billed Curlew. Pages 224-226 in Birds of Oregon: A general reference. D. B. Marshall, M. G. Hunter, and A. L. Contreras, eds. Oregon State University Press, Corvallis, OR.

Dugger, BD and KM Dugger. 2002. The long-billed curlew. In The Birds of North America, No. 628 (A. Poole, P. Stettenheim, and F. Gill, eds.). Philadelphia: The Academy of Natural Sciences; Washington, DC; The American Ornithologists' Union.

Dugger, KM, MR Ryan, DL Galat, RR Renken, JW Smith. 2002. Reproductive success of the interior least tern (Sterna antillarum) in relation to hydrology on the Lower Mississippi River. River Research and Application. 18:97-105.

Dugger, KM, J Faaborg, and WJ Arendt. 2000. Rainfall correlates of bird populations and survival rates in a Puerto Rican dry forest. Bird Populations. 5:11-27.

Dugger, KM, MR Ryan, and RR Renken. 2000. Survival rates of least tern chicks on the Lower Mississippi River. Journal of Field Ornithology 71:330-338.

Faaborg, J, Arendt, WJ, and KM Dugger. 2000. The Guánica, Puerto Rico, bird monitoring project. Bird Populations 5:102-111.

Dugger, KM, BD Dugger, and LH Fredrickson. 1999. Annual survival rates of female hooded mergansers and wood ducks in the southeast. Wilson Bulletin 111:1-6.

Faaborg, J, KM Dugger, W Arendt, M Baltz and B Woodworth. 1997. Evidence for precipitous declines in the Puerto Rican Vireo of Guanica Forest. Wilson Bulletin 109:195-202.

Dugger, BD, KM Dugger, and LH Fredrickson. 1994. The hooded merganser. In The Birds of North America, No. 98 (A. Poole, P. Stettenheim, and F. Gill, eds.). Philadelphia: The Academy of Natural Sciences; Washington, DC; The American Ornithologists' Union.

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Phil Lyver

Landcare Research Ltd (Manaaki Whenua), P.O. Box 69, Lincoln, Canterbury, 8152

Professional Preparation

PhD Zoology (University of Otago 1999)
CoP Maori 1997 (University of Otago 1997)
BSc Zoology (University of Otago 1992)

Honours/distinctions/membership of societies, institutions, committees

2003 FRST Post-Doctoral Bridging Grant
1999-2002 FRST Post-Doctoral Fellowship
1999 University of Otago Bridging Grant
1997-99 FRST Tuapapa Putaiao Maori Fellowship
1995-96 University of Otago Maori Post-graduate Scholarship
1993-94 University of Otago Maori Post-graduate Award

Professional positions held

2002- Vertebrate ecologist, Landcare Research, NZ
2001-02 Post-Doctoral Fellow, Landcare Research, NZ
1999-2001 Post-Doctoral Fellow, University of Manitoba, Canada

Present research/professional speciality

• Marine and forest avian ecology
• Role of mammalian pest species in ecosystems
• Community-based environmental monitoring programmes
• Use of traditional knowledge (matauranga Maori) in wildlife management
• Socio-ecological frameworks

Project-related publications

Lyver, P.O.; Newman, J. and Rakiura Titi Islands Administering Body. (in press). Muttonbirding in New Zealand. [online] URL: http://www.teara.govt.nz/EarthSeaAndSky/PeopleAndTheSea/TitiMuttonbirding/en
Kendrick, A.; Lyver, P.O'B. and Lútsël K'é Dëne First Nation (2005). Denesoline (Chipewyan) knowledge of barren ground caribou (Rangifer tarandus groenlandicus) movements. Arctic, 58(2): 175-191.
Lyver, P.O'B. and Lútsël K'é Dëne First Nation (2005). Monitoring barren-ground caribou body condition with Denesoline traditional knowledge. Arctic, 58(1): 44-54.
Moller, H.; Berkes, F.; Lyver, P.O.; and Kislalioglu, M. (2004). Combining science and traditional ecological knowledge: monitoring populations for co-management. Ecology and Society 9(3): 2. [online] URL: http://www.ecologyandsociety.org/vol9/iss3/art2
Lyver, P.O'B.; and Gunn, A. (2004). Calibration of hunters' impressions with female caribou body condition indices to predict probability of pregnancy. Arctic, 57(3): 233-241.
Kofinas, G.; Lyver, P.O'B.; Russell, D.; White, R.; Nelson, A.; Flanders, N. (2003). Towards a protocol for community monitoring of caribou body condition. Rangifer 14: 43-52.
Jones, C.; Bettany, S.; Moller, H.; Fletcher, D.; Lyver, P.; and de Cruz, J. (2003). Burrow occupancy and productivity at coastal sooty shearwater (Puffinus griseus) breeding colonies, South Island, New Zealand: can mark-recapture be used to estimate burrowscope accuracy? Wildlife Research 30: 377-388
Lyver, P.O'B. (2002). The use of traditional knowledge by Rakiura Maori to guide Sooty Shearwater (Puffinus griseus) harvests. Wildlife Society Bulletin 30(1): 29-40.
Cruz, J.B.; Lalas, C.; Jillett, J.B.; Kitson, J.C.; Lyver, P.O'B.; Imber, M.; Neuman, J.; Moller, H. (2001). Prey spectrum of breeding Sooty Shearwaters (Puffinus griseus) New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research 35: 817-829.
Kitson, J.C.; Cruz, J.B.; Lalas, C.; Jillet, J.B.; Newman, J.; and Lyver, P.O'B. (2000). Interannnual variations in the diet of breeding sooty shearwaters (Puffinus griseus). New Zealand Journal of Zoology 27: 347-355.
Moller, H.; Horsley, P.; Lyver, P.O'B.; Taiepa, T.; Davis, J.; and Bragg, M. (2001). Co-management by Maori and Pakeha for improved conservation in the 21st century. In: Perkins, H.; Memon, A. eds Environmental planning and management in New Zealand. Palmerston North, New Zealand, Dunmore Press. Pp. 156-167.
Lyver, P.O'B. (2000). What limits the harvest of Sooty Shearwaters (Puffinus griseus) on Poutama Island. New Zealand Journal of Zoology 27: 381-393.
Lyver, P.O'B. (2000). Identification of mammalian predators of sooty shearwaters from bite marks: A tool for focusing wildlife protection. Mammal Review 30(1): 31-44.
Lyver, P.O'B. (2000). Sooty shearwater (Puffinus griseus) harvest intensity and selectivity on Poutama Island, New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Ecology 24 (2): 169-180.
Lyver, P.O'B.; Robertson, C.J.R.; and Moller, H. (2000). Predation at Sooty Shearwater (Puffinus griseus) colonies on the New Zealand mainland: is there safety in numbers? Pacific Conservation Biology 5(4): 347-357.
Lyver, P.O'B.; Moller, H.; and Thompson, C. (1999). Changes in Sooty Shearwater (Puffinus griseus) chick production and harvest precede ENSO events. Marine Ecology Progress Series 188: 237-248.
Lyver, P.O'B.; and Moller, H. (1999). Modern technology and customary use of wildlife: the harvest of Sooty Shearwater (Puffinus griseus) by Rakiura Maori as a case study. Environmental Conservation 26(4): 280-288.
Lyver, P.; Hamilton, S.; McKenzie, M.; Dickson, I.; Dooher, M.; Broad, T. and Moller, H. (1998). Construction and reliability of an infra-red camera for examining nests in burrows. Conservation Advisory Science Notes, 209: 21 p.

Major achievements in commercial, social and environmental areas

• Development of a biological indicator model that uses Maori seabird harvest data to predict climate (El Nino-Southern Oscillation) anomalies
• Demonstrated that Canadian First Nations hunters' knowledge of barren ground caribou body condition and semi-objective fat indices can be used to predict fecundity and provide an assessment of general herd health
• Involved in developing formal contracts and cultural safety agreements to guide collaborative harvest research and natural resource monitoring programs between indigenous groups and euro-centric research agencies and institutions
• Collaboration with the Tuhoe Tuawhenua Trust to determine the impacts of mammalian pests species on podocarp-tawa forest and native birds in Te Urewera.
• Development of a community-based monitoring program to use knowledge from First Nation communities to assess barren ground caribou body condition and herd wellbeing in the Northwest Territories, Canada.
• Involved in developing one of New Zealand's first ecological collaborative research programs between a tertiary institution and tangata whenua.

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